《天然》（20250206出书）一周论文导读

Nature, 6 February 2025, Volume 638 Issue 8049《天然》2025年2月6日，第638卷，8049期?资料迷信Material SciencesDegradable thermosets via orthogonal polymerizations of a single monomer经由过程单一单体的正交聚合制备可降解热固性塑料▲ 作者：Reagan J. Dreiling, Kathleen Huynh Brett P. Fors▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08386-w▲ 择要：在此，咱们提出了一种存在可降解热固性的一次性分解模块。它来自贸易上可行的、生物起源的单体2,3-二氢呋喃（DHF）。在钌催化剂跟光酸产生器的存鄙人，DHF停止迟缓开环复剖析聚合，失掉软聚合物；而后，裸露在光芒下后触发强酸天生，增进统一DHF单体的阳离子聚合，从而发生空间交联，增添资料强度。经由过程把持催化剂负载跟光照，咱们能够取得存在逾越数目级的物感性质的资料，并实现空间辨别率的资料域。主要的是，基于DHF的热固性资料经由安慰能够逐步降解，经由过程平和加热停止接纳。在单一官能团上应用两种差别的聚合机制，能够分解存在准确把持机能的可降解跟可接纳的热固性资料。▲ Abstract：Here we present a modular, one-pot synthesis of degradable thermosets from the commercially available, biosourced monomer 2,3-dihydrofuran (DHF). In the presence of a ruthenium catalyst and photoacid generator, DHF undergoes slow ring-opening metathesis polymerization to give a soft polymer; then, exposure to light triggers strong acid generation and promotes the cationic polymerization of the same DHF monomer to spatially crosslink and strengthen the material. By manipulating catalyst loading and light exposure, we can access materials with physical properties spanning orders of magnitude and achieve spatially resolved material domains. Importantly, the DHF-based thermosets undergo stimuli-selective degradation and can be recycled to the monomer under mild heating. The use of two distinct polymerization mechanisms on a single functional group allows the synthesis of degradable and recyclable thermoset materials with precisely controlled properties.物理学PhysicsQuantum coarsening and collective dynamics on a programmable simulator可编程模仿器上的量子粗化跟群体能源学▲ 作者：Tom Manovitz, Sophie H. Li et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08353-5▲择要：在此，咱们应用一个基于里德伯原子阵列的可编程量子模仿器来试验研讨（2+1）维伊辛量子相变的群体能源学。超出量子临界点后，咱们察看到反铁磁有序畴的粗化招致相干逐步增加。经由过程准备跟跟踪有序畴的演变，咱们发明粗化是由畴界限的曲率驱动的，而且能源学跟着量子临界点的濒临而减速。咱们定量地摸索了这些景象，并进一步察看了次序参数的临时振荡，呼应振幅（“希格斯”）形式。这些察看成果为强相干量子体系跟非均衡量子进程中的出现群体能源学供给了一个视角。▲ Abstract：Here we use a programmable quantum simulator based on Rydberg atom arrays to experimentally study collective dynamics across a (2+1)-dimensional Ising quantum phase transition. After crossing the quantum critical point, we observe a gradual growth of correlations through coarsening of antiferromagnetically ordered domains. By deterministically preparing and following the evolution of ordered domains, we show that the coarsening is driven by the curvature of domain boundaries, and find that the dynamics accelerate with proximity to the quantum critical point. We quantitatively explore these phenomena and further observe long-lived oscillations of the order parameter, corresponding to an amplitude (‘Higgs’) mode. These observations offer a viewpoint into emergent collective dynamics in strongly correlated quantum systems and non-equilibrium quantum processes.Emergence of collective oscillations in massive human crowds在大批人群中呈现的群体振荡▲ 作者：Fran?ois Gu, Benjamin Guiselin, Nicolas Bain, Iker Zuriguel Denis Bartolo▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08514-6▲择要：在此，咱们剖析了在西班牙圣费尔明节上凑集的上千人的能源学，并揣摸出麋集人群外行动受限情形下的物理实践。咱们的丈量标明，麋集的群体能够自构造成微观手性振子，在不外部领导的情形下和谐数百个集体的轨道活动。在这些丈量跟对称道理的领导下，咱们构建了麋集人群活动的力学模子。咱们的模子标明，突现的奇摩擦力驱动了非互反的相位改变向群体手性振荡，符合咱们全部的察看成果。为了测试研讨成果的持重性，咱们证实了相似的手性能源学在2010年恋情游行灾害开端时呈现，并提出了一个能够辅助猜测这些先前弗成猜测的能源学的计划。▲ Abstract：Here we analyse the dynamics of thousands of densely packed individuals at the San Fermín festival (Spain) and infer a physical theory of dense crowds in confinement. Our measurements reveal that dense crowds can self-organize into macroscopic chiral oscillators, coordinating the orbital motion of hundreds of individuals without external guidance. Guided by these measurements and symmetry principles, we construct a mechanical model of dense-crowd motion. Our model demonstrates that emergent odd frictional forces drive a non-reciprocal phase transition towards collective chiral oscillations, capturing all our experimental observations. To test the robustness of our findings, we show that similar chiral dynamics emerged at the onset of the 2010 Love Parade disaster and propose a protocol that could help anticipate these previously unpredictable dynamics.古生物学PaleontologyCretaceous Antarctic bird skull elucidates early avian ecological diversity白垩纪南极鸟类头骨提醒晚期鸟类生态多样性▲ 作者：Christopher R. Torres, Julia A. Clarke et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08390-0▲择要：在此，咱们讲演一个多少乎完全的维加鸟新头骨。它为这种鸟类的摄食生态学研讨供给了新的看法，并展现了冠群鸟类中水禽的状态学。维加鸟有典范的鸟类的喙（不牙齿跟缩小的上颌骨）跟年夜脑外形（适度收缩的年夜脑跟腹侧移位的视叶）。颞窝扩大显明，标明这只鸟有肥年夜的下颌肌肉构造。喙窄而尖，下颌骨缺少枢纽后突。综上，这些特点构成了一种进食构造。它差别于任何其余已知的反形植物，但与其余现存的在水下捕捉猎物的鸟类的进食构造类似。▲ Abstract：Here we report a new, nearly complete skull of Vegavis that provides new insight into its feeding ecology and exhibits morphologies that support placement among waterfowl within crown-group birds. Vegavis has an avian beak (absence of teeth and reduced maxilla) and brain shape (hyperinflated cerebrum and ventrally shifted optic lobes). The temporal fossa is well excavated and expansive, indicating that this bird had hypertrophied jaw musculature. The beak is narrow and pointed, and the mandible lacks retroarticular processes. Together, these features comprise a feeding apparatus unlike that of any other known anseriform but like that of other extant birds that capture prey underwater (for example, grebes and loons).生态学EcologyOne-quarter of freshwater fauna threatened with extinction四分之一的海水植物面对灭尽危险▲ 作者：Catherine A. Sayer, Eresha Fernando et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08375-z▲择要：在此，咱们供给对天下天然维护同盟濒危物种白色名录的寰球海水植物的多分类评价成果。该项成果涵盖23496种实足甲壳类、鱼类跟蜻蜓目虫豸，此中四分之一面对灭尽的要挟。广泛存在的要挟包含传染、水坝跟取水、农业跟入侵物种，适度捕捞也将招致物种灭尽。咱们还研讨了受要挟的四足植物跟海水非生物因子（水分钳制跟氮）对受要挟海水物种的替换水平。濒危四足植物在优先栖身地以最年夜化稀缺性加权丰盛度时是很好的替换指标，但在从最受范畴限度的物种角度动身停止抉择时则后果较差。但是，它们是比非生物要素更好的替换指标，非生物要素的表示比随机要素差。因而，只管断定的寰球四足植物维护优先地区大抵反应了海水植物群的优先地区，但鉴于重要要挟跟栖身地的差别，不克不及以为满意四足植物的需要就能在部分标准上维护海水物种。▲ Abstract：Here we present the results of a multi-taxon global freshwater fauna assessment for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species covering 23,496 decapod crustaceans, fishes and odonates, finding that one-quarter are threatened with extinction. Prevalent threats include pollution, dams and water extraction, agriculture and invasive species, with overharvesting also driving extinctions. We also examined the degree of surrogacy of both threatened tetrapods and freshwater abiotic factors (water stress and nitrogen) for threatened freshwater species. Threatened tetrapods are good surrogates when prioritizing sites to maximize rarity-weighted richness, but poorer when prioritizing based on the most range-restricted species. However, they are much better surrogates than abiotic factors, which perform worse than random. Thus, although global priority regions identified for tetrapod conservation are broadly reflective of those for freshwater faunas, given differences in key threats and habitats, meeting the needs of tetrapods cannot be assumed sufficient to conserve freshwater species at local scales.地球迷信Earth ScienceThe Ronne Ice Shelf survived the last interglacial罗纳冰架在末次间冰期中幸存▲ 作者：Eric W. Wolff, Robert Mulvaney et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08394-w▲ 择要：在此，咱们应用了来自Skytrain ice Rise的冰芯海盐数据。该冰芯位于东北极冰盖（WAIS）邻近，标明在末次间冰期（LIG）的年夜局部时光里，罗纳冰架依然存在，而且濒临其以后的范畴。水同位素数据与WAIS的退缩分歧，但仿佛与WAIS跟年夜型南极冰架都消散的更激烈的形式实现纷歧致。这一新的限度请求从新评价LIG海立体估算的其余因素。这一成果还减弱了促使形式模仿猜测将来海立体回升速率至2300年及当前的最高猜测值的观察基本。▲ Abstract：Here we use sea salt data from an ice core from Skytrain Ice Rise, adjacent to WAIS, to show that, during most of the LIG, the Ronne Ice Shelf was still in place, and close to its current extent. Water isotope data are consistent with a retreat of WAIS, but seem inconsistent with more dramatic model realizations in which both WAIS and the large Antarctic ice shelves were lost. This new constraint calls for a reappraisal of other elements of the LIG sea-level budget. It also weakens the observational basis that motivated model simulations projecting the highest end of projections for future rates of sea-level rise to 2300 and beyond.